Hello Craig,
It is possible to pass a 16-bit integer to a formula node. Create a formula node and add an input variable. Drop a numeric constant on the diagram and wire it to the input variable. Right-click the constant and select Representation >> I16. However, the formula node will perform the mathematical operations with double-precision internally and then return the results as a 16-bit integer. The MathScript node also works with double-precision internally, but it will show you the coercion when you wire the 16-bit integer type to the input variable.
To remain with 16-bit integers, you could use LabVIEW primitives to perform the mathematical operations instead of using a formula or MathScript node.
Grant M.
Staff Software Engineer | LabVIEW Math & Signal Processing | National Instruments