Typedefs are controls which are saved in a single file and then loaded from that file every time. This means that you can have the same control in several different VIs and when you change the control file, all the VIs will have the updated controls.
See the attached simple example - if you change the typedef, it is updated in all places.
To learn more about LabVIEW, I suggest you try searching this site and google for LabVIEW tutorials.
Here,
here,
here,
here and
here are a few you can start with and
here are some tutorial videos. You can also contact your local NI office and join one of their courses.
In addition, I suggest you read
the LabVIEW style guide and the LabVIEW user manual (Help>>Search the LabVIEW Bookshelf).
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