the "equivalent" of X-Windows under Windows is Remote Desktop. it is indeed possible to have multiple sessions active at the same time on the computer, but i don't know any ways of opening a remote desktop session locally... you will need to dig further in this direction.
however, you said that 2 computers was difficult due to a space constraints.
- have you had a look at small computers ? like
this or
this. and these are the first 2 hits on google, there are plenty of such computers existing.
- also, 2 standardized and industrial forms of smaller computers are CompactPCI (a PCI backbone, generally in a 19" rack into which you mount processor boards and other system peripherals) or PC104 (the oldest form of small computer, based on an ISA bus but has been extended to support PCI). those computers are generally running Windows CE (i don't know if CVI run on this OS) or Windows XP Embedded (CVI surely run on this OS). i am confident you can put 10 of them in the space taken by a standard ATX form-factor PC.
- another possibility is running 2 laptops with their lid closed...
you just need to be sure they are running an x86 processor: an intel celeron M is perfect for such a task.