Maybe? You'd have to bit-bang it, so I think it depends on what rate you need to go, and how much latency digital reads/writes would have in your setup. (The USB-6289 would have higher latency than the PCI-6289 because of the bus, for example, but in either case there are a large number of factors in play to determine latency.)
It wouldn't be my first choice of hardware for the task. A USB-8451 or USB-8452, which have on-board controllers to handle SPI communication, would be a much better option.
