I finally found the solution...
The attribute is not channel-dependent. Therefore, instead of a
channel list the value
0 has to be put into the function call. This works:
"[...]
resultCode = niScope_SetAttributeViBoolean(
vi,
0, // !!!
NISCOPE_ATTR_REF_TRIG_TDC_ENABLE,
NISCOPE_VAL_FALSE);
[...]"