Hi Fabian,
Unfortunately, if you start with a bad image, you will normally end up with bad results. From the images you have included, I would suggest some kind of lighting to properly illuminate the eye. You might also try to keep the face at a particular angle. It doesn't look like you will be able to do a great deal to improve the quality of the image, but perhaps your edge detection will work better on a particular color plane.
Good luck!
Robert