Can you describe the parts a little better? What kind of material are they (plastic, metal, etc.), and what is the surface finish (rough, painted, polished, etc.)? How much do they differ?
If it is a reflective finish, there are a few techniques for measuring the finish quality (roughness, gloss, orange peel, etc.) which could be used to quantify the texture.
If it is non-reflective (flat color), you could probably use structured lighting to highlight the texture.
I would need more specific examples to have ideas of how to quantify the texture, probably including images of different parts.
Bruce
Bruce Ammons
Ammons Engineering